Swollen Legs: Understanding the Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments

Swollen legs, or edema, occur when excess fluid collects in the tissues of the lower limbs, leading to puffiness, tightness, or a heavy sensation. This condition may affect one or both legs, ranging from mild to severe, and understanding its signs, causes, and treatments is key to proper management and prevention.

Typical symptoms include visible swelling in the feet, ankles, calves, or thighs, along with skin that feels tight, stretched, or shiny. Some may experience discomfort, aching, or heaviness, and in cases of pitting edema, pressing the skin leaves an indentation. Reduced mobility can also occur due to stiffness or pain.

Several factors can cause swollen legs. Injuries or infections, such as sprains, fractures, or cellulitis, often lead to localized swelling. Venous insufficiency, where veins struggle to return blood to the heart, can also be a cause.

Underlying health conditions like heart, kidney, or liver disease may trigger widespread fluid retention. Certain medications, including calcium channel blockers and steroids, can contribute as well.

Lifestyle factors such as prolonged standing or sitting allow gravity to pull fluid into the lower limbs. Pregnancy can also lead to swelling due to increased blood volume and added pressure on veins.

Treatment focuses on addressing the cause and relieving symptoms. Helpful measures include elevating the legs, avoiding long periods of inactivity, wearing compression stockings, and exercising to boost circulation.

Medical management may involve treating the underlying disease, adjusting medications, or reducing salt intake to limit fluid buildup. Seek urgent medical care for sudden, painful swelling—especially with shortness of breath or a history of heart or kidney issues.